人工智能应用于更多领域 计算机研究深入光电结合******
英国科学家在人工智能（AI）领域取得多项突破，包括用AI首次控制核聚变、用AI预测蛋白质结构等。“深度思维”与瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院合作，训练了一种深度强化学习算法来控制核聚变反应堆内过热的等离子体并宣告成功，有助加速无限清洁能源的到来。“深度思维”凭借“阿尔法折叠”算法，预测了迄今被编目的几乎所有2亿多个蛋白质的结构，破解了生物学领域最重大的难题之一，有助于应对抗生素耐药性，加速药物开发并彻底改变基础科学。该公司研发的“DeepNash”（深度纳什）学会了在“西洋陆军棋”游戏中，使用虚张声势等欺骗手段来击败人类对手。该公司AI创建的高效数学算法能解决矩阵乘法问题。该公司AI通过模拟数十年足球比赛的情况，学会了熟练地控制数字代理足球运动员，其建模的“AI代理”可与其他人工代理沟通合作，在玩游戏时共同制定计划。
牛津大学研究显示，AI能模拟条件反射进行联想学习，比传统机器学习算法快千倍。利兹大学科学家借助AI扫描视网膜以探知心脏病风险。
在计算机相关领域，牛津大学研究人员开发了一种使用光偏振来实现最大化信息存储密度的设备，其计算密度比传统电子芯片提高了几个数量级。南安普顿大学工程师则与美国科学家携手，设计了一种与光子芯片集成的电子芯片并创造出一种设备，能以超高速传输信息同时产生最少的热量。
在机器人领域，利兹大学团队开发了一种“磁性触手机器人”，直径只有2毫米，可由患者体外的磁铁引导进入肺部狭窄的管道采样。帝国理工学院科学家展示了一组受动物启发的飞行机器人，可在飞行中建造3D打印结构，未来有望用于在偏远地区建造房屋或重要基础设施。格拉斯哥大学科学家将由砷化镓制成的微型半导体打印到柔性塑料表面，所得设备的性能可与目前市场上最好的传统光电探测器媲美，且能承受数百次弯曲，可用作未来机器人的智能电子皮肤。苏格兰科学家开发出了一种先进的压力传感器技术，有助于改进机器人系统，如用于机器人假肢和机械臂。（科技日报记者 刘霞）
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
